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builtin #

Description

builtin is a module that is implicitly imported by every V program.

It implements the builtin V types array, string, map.

It also implements builtin functions like println, eprintln, malloc, panic, print_backtrace.

The autogenerated documentation for builtin functions is lacking, so for these functions, please refer to the official V documentation.

Constants #

const min_i8 = i8(-128)
const max_i8 = i8(127)
const min_i16 = i16(-32768)
const max_i16 = i16(32767)
const min_i32 = i32(-2147483648)
const max_i32 = i32(2147483647)
const min_int = min_i32
const max_int = max_i32
const min_i64 = i64(-9223372036854775807 - 1)

-9223372036854775808 is wrong, because C compilers parse literal values without sign first, and 9223372036854775808 overflows i64, hence the consecutive subtraction by 1

const max_i64 = i64(9223372036854775807)
const min_u8 = u8(0)
const max_u8 = u8(255)
const min_u16 = u16(0)
const max_u16 = u16(65535)
const min_u32 = u32(0)
const max_u32 = u32(4294967295)
const min_u64 = u64(0)
const max_u64 = u64(18446744073709551615)
const si_s_code = '0xfe10'

The consts here are utilities for the compiler's "auto_str_methods.v". They are used to substitute old _STR calls.

Fixme: this const is not released from memory => use a precalculated string const for now. si_s_code = "0x" + int(StrIntpType.si_s).hex() // code for a simple string.

const si_g32_code = '0xfe0e'
const si_g64_code = '0xfe0f'

fn C.android_print #

unsafe
fn C.android_print(voidptr, &char, ...voidptr)

used by Android for (e)println to output to the Android log system / logcat

fn c_error_number_str #

fn c_error_number_str(errnum int) string

return a C-API error message matching to errnum

fn compare_strings #

fn compare_strings(a &string, b &string) int

compare_strings returns -1 if a < b, 1 if a > b else 0.

fn copy #

fn copy(mut dst []u8, src []u8) int

copy copies the src byte array elements to the dst byte array. The number of the elements copied is the minimum of the length of both arrays. Returns the number of elements copied.

Note: This is not an array method. It is a function that takes two arrays of bytes. See also: arrays.copy.

fn cstring_to_vstring #

unsafe
fn cstring_to_vstring(s &char) string

cstring_to_vstring creates a new V string copy of the C style string, pointed by s. This function is most likely what you want to use when working with C style pointers to 0 terminated strings (i.e. char*). It is recommended to use it, unless you do understand the implications of tos/tos2/tos3/tos4/tos5 in terms of memory management and interactions with -autofree and [manualfree]. It will panic, if the pointer s is 0.

fn eprint #

fn eprint(s string)

eprint prints a message to stderr. Both stderr and stdout are flushed.

fn eprintln #

fn eprintln(s string)

eprintln prints a message with a line end, to stderr. Both stderr and stdout are flushed.

fn error #

fn error(message string) IError

error returns a default error instance containing the error given in message.

Example

if ouch { return error('an error occurred') }

fn error_with_code #

fn error_with_code(message string, code int) IError

error_with_code returns a default error instance containing the given message and error code.

Example

if ouch { return error_with_code('an error occurred', 1) }

fn exit #

fn exit(code int)

exit terminates execution immediately and returns exit code to the shell.

fn f32_abs #

fn f32_abs(a f32) f32

f32_abs returns the absolute value of a as a f32 value.

Example

assert f32_abs(-2.0) == 2.0

fn f32_max #

fn f32_max(a f32, b f32) f32

f32_max returns the largest f32 of input a and b.

Example

assert f32_max(2.0,3.0) == 3.0

fn f32_min #

fn f32_min(a f32, b f32) f32

f32_min returns the smallest f32 of input a and b.

Example

assert f32_min(2.0,3.0) == 2.0

fn f64_max #

fn f64_max(a f64, b f64) f64

f64_max returns the largest f64 of input a and b.

Example

assert f64_max(2.0,3.0) == 3.0

fn flush_stderr #

fn flush_stderr()

fn flush_stdout #

fn flush_stdout()

fn free #

unsafe
fn free(ptr voidptr)

free allows for manually freeing memory allocated at the address ptr.

fn gc_check_leaks #

fn gc_check_leaks()

for leak detection it is advisable to do explicit garbage collections

fn gc_collect #

fn gc_collect()

gc_collect explicitly performs a single garbage collection run. Note, that garbage collections, are done automatically, when needed in most cases, so usually you should NOT need to call gc_collect() often. Note that gc_collect() is a NOP with -gc none.

fn gc_disable #

fn gc_disable()

gc_disable explicitly disables the GC. Do not forget to enable it again by calling gc_enable(), when your program is otherwise idle, and can afford it. See also gc_enable() and gc_collect(). Note that gc_disable() is a NOP with -gc none.

fn gc_enable #

fn gc_enable()

gc_enable explicitly enables the GC. Note, that garbage collections are done automatically, when needed in most cases, and also that by default the GC is on, so you do not need to enable it. See also gc_disable() and gc_collect(). Note that gc_enable() is a NOP with -gc none.

fn gc_get_warn_proc #

fn gc_get_warn_proc() FnGC_WarnCB

gc_get_warn_proc returns the current callback fn, that will be used for printing GC warnings

fn gc_heap_usage #

fn gc_heap_usage() GCHeapUsage

gc_heap_usage returns the info about heap usage

fn gc_is_enabled #

fn gc_is_enabled() bool

gc_is_enabled() returns true, if the GC is enabled at runtime. See also gc_disable() and gc_enable().

fn gc_memory_use #

fn gc_memory_use() usize

gc_memory_use returns the total memory use in bytes by all allocated blocks

fn gc_set_warn_proc #

fn gc_set_warn_proc(cb FnGC_WarnCB)

gc_set_warn_proc sets the callback fn, that will be used for printing GC warnings

fn get_str_intp_u32_format #

fn get_str_intp_u32_format(fmt_type StrIntpType, in_width int, in_precision int, in_tail_zeros bool, in_sign bool, in_pad_ch u8, in_base int, in_upper_case bool) u32

convert from data format to compact u32

fn get_str_intp_u64_format #

fn get_str_intp_u64_format(fmt_type StrIntpType, in_width int, in_precision int, in_tail_zeros bool, in_sign bool, in_pad_ch u8, in_base int, in_upper_case bool) u64

convert from data format to compact u64

fn input_character #

fn input_character() int

input_character gives back a single character, read from the standard input. It returns -1 on error (when the input is finished (EOF), on a broken pipe etc).

fn isnil #

fn isnil(v voidptr) bool

isnil returns true if an object is nil (only for C objects).

fn malloc #

unsafe
fn malloc(n isize) &u8

malloc dynamically allocates a n bytes block of memory on the heap. malloc returns a byteptr pointing to the memory address of the allocated space. unlike the calloc family of functions - malloc will not zero the memory block.

fn malloc_noscan #

unsafe
fn malloc_noscan(n isize) &u8

fn malloc_uncollectable #

unsafe
fn malloc_uncollectable(n isize) &u8

malloc_uncollectable dynamically allocates a n bytes block of memory on the heap, which will NOT be garbage-collected (but its contents will).

fn memdup #

unsafe
fn memdup(src voidptr, sz isize) voidptr

memdup dynamically allocates a sz bytes block of memory on the heap memdup then copies the contents of src into the allocated space and returns a pointer to the newly allocated space.

fn memdup_noscan #

unsafe
fn memdup_noscan(src voidptr, sz isize) voidptr

fn memdup_uncollectable #

unsafe
fn memdup_uncollectable(src voidptr, sz isize) voidptr

memdup_uncollectable dynamically allocates a sz bytes block of memory on the heap, which will NOT be garbage-collected (but its contents will). memdup_uncollectable then copies the contents of src into the allocated space and returns a pointer to the newly allocated space.

fn panic #

fn panic(s string)

panic prints a nice error message, then exits the process with exit code of 1. It also shows a backtrace on most platforms.

fn panic_error_number #

fn panic_error_number(basestr string, errnum int)

panic with a C-API error message matching errnum

fn panic_lasterr #

fn panic_lasterr(base string)

fn panic_option_not_set #

fn panic_option_not_set(s string)

panic_option_not_set is called by V, when you use option error propagation in your main function. It ends the program with a panic.

fn panic_result_not_set #

fn panic_result_not_set(s string)

panic_result_not_set is called by V, when you use result error propagation in your main function It ends the program with a panic.

fn print #

fn print(s string)

print prints a message to stdout. Note that unlike eprint, stdout is not automatically flushed.

fn println #

fn println(s string)

println prints a message with a line end, to stdout. Note that unlike eprintln, stdout is not automatically flushed.

fn proc_pidpath #

fn proc_pidpath(int, voidptr, int) int

<libproc.h>

fn ptr_str #

fn ptr_str(ptr voidptr) string

ptr_str returns the address of ptr as a string.

fn realloc_data #

unsafe
fn realloc_data(old_data &u8, old_size int, new_size int) &u8

realloc_data resizes the memory block pointed by old_data to new_size bytes. old_data must be a pointer to an existing memory block, previously allocated with malloc, v_calloc or vcalloc, of size old_data. realloc_data returns a pointer to the new location of the block.

Note: if you know the old data size, it is preferable to call realloc_data, instead of v_realloc, at least during development, because realloc_data can make debugging easier, when you compile your program with -d debug_realloc.

fn str_intp #

fn str_intp(data_len int, input_base &StrIntpData) string

interpolation function

fn str_intp_g32 #

fn str_intp_g32(in_str string) string

fn str_intp_g64 #

fn str_intp_g64(in_str string) string

fn str_intp_rune #

fn str_intp_rune(in_str string) string

fn str_intp_sq #

fn str_intp_sq(in_str string) string

fn str_intp_sub #

fn str_intp_sub(base_str string, in_str string) string

replace %% with the in_str

fn string_from_wide #

unsafe
fn string_from_wide(_wstr &u16) string

string_from_wide creates a V string, encoded in UTF-8, given a windows style string encoded in UTF-16. Note that this function first searches for the string terminator 0 character, and is thus slower, while more convenient compared to string_from_wide2/2 (you have to know the length in advance to use string_from_wide2/2). See also builtin.wchar.to_string/1, for a version that eases working with the platform dependent &wchar_t L"" strings.

fn string_from_wide2 #

unsafe
fn string_from_wide2(_wstr &u16, len int) string

string_from_wide2 creates a V string, encoded in UTF-8, given a windows style string, encoded in UTF-16. It is more efficient, compared to string_from_wide, but it requires you to know the input string length, and to pass it as the second argument. See also builtin.wchar.to_string2/2, for a version that eases working with the platform dependent &wchar_t L"" strings.

fn tos #

unsafe
fn tos(s &u8, len int) string

tos creates a V string, given a C style pointer to a 0 terminated block.

Note: the memory block pointed by s is reused, not copied! It will panic, when the pointer s is 0. See also tos_clone.

fn tos2 #

unsafe
fn tos2(s &u8) string

tos2 creates a V string, given a C style pointer to a 0 terminated block.

Note: the memory block pointed by s is reused, not copied! It will calculate the length first, thus it is more costly than tos. It will panic, when the pointer s is 0. It is the same as tos3, but for &byte pointers, avoiding callsite casts. See also tos_clone.

fn tos3 #

unsafe
fn tos3(s &char) string

tos3 creates a V string, given a C style pointer to a 0 terminated block.

Note: the memory block pointed by s is reused, not copied! It will calculate the length first, so it is more costly than tos. It will panic, when the pointer s is 0. It is the same as tos2, but for &char pointers, avoiding callsite casts. See also tos_clone.

fn tos4 #

unsafe
fn tos4(s &u8) string

tos4 creates a V string, given a C style pointer to a 0 terminated block.

Note: the memory block pointed by s is reused, not copied! It will calculate the length first, so it is more costly than tos. It returns '', when given a 0 pointer s, it does NOT panic. It is the same as tos5, but for &byte pointers, avoiding callsite casts. See also tos_clone.

fn tos5 #

unsafe
fn tos5(s &char) string

tos5 creates a V string, given a C style pointer to a 0 terminated block.

Note: the memory block pointed by s is reused, not copied! It will calculate the length first, so it is more costly than tos. It returns '', when given a 0 pointer s, it does NOT panic. It is the same as tos4, but for &char pointers, avoiding callsite casts. See also tos_clone.

fn tos_clone #

unsafe
fn tos_clone(s &u8) string

tos_clone creates a new V string copy of the C style string, pointed by s. See also cstring_to_vstring (it is the same as it, the only difference is, that tos_clone expects &byte, while cstring_to_vstring expects &char). It will panic, if the pointer s is 0.

fn unbuffer_stdout #

fn unbuffer_stdout()

unbuffer_stdout will turn off the default buffering done for stdout. It will affect all consequent print and println calls, effectively making them behave like eprint and eprintln do. It is useful for programs, that want to produce progress bars, without cluttering your code with a flush_stdout() call after every print() call. It is also useful for programs (sensors), that produce small chunks of output, that you want to be able to process immediately. Note 1: if used, it should be called at the start of your program, before using print or println(). Note 2: most libc implementations, have logic that use line buffering for stdout, when the output stream is connected to an interactive device, like a terminal, and otherwise fully buffer it, which is good for the output performance for programs that can produce a lot of output (like filters, or cat etc), but bad for latency. Normally, it is usually what you want, so it is the default for V programs too. See https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Buffering-Concepts.html . See https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/V2_chap02.html#tag_15_05 .

fn utf32_decode_to_buffer #

unsafe
fn utf32_decode_to_buffer(code u32, buf &u8) int

fn utf32_to_str #

fn utf32_to_str(code u32) string

Convert utf32 to utf8 utf32 == Codepoint

fn utf32_to_str_no_malloc #

unsafe
fn utf32_to_str_no_malloc(code u32, buf &u8) string

fn utf8_char_len #

fn utf8_char_len(b u8) int

fn utf8_str_visible_length #

fn utf8_str_visible_length(s string) int

Calculate string length for formatting, i.e. number of "characters" This is simplified implementation. if you need specification compliant width, use utf8.east_asian.display_width.

fn v_realloc #

unsafe
fn v_realloc(b &u8, n isize) &u8

v_realloc resizes the memory block b with n bytes. The b byteptr must be a pointer to an existing memory block previously allocated with malloc, v_calloc or vcalloc. Please, see also realloc_data, and use it instead if possible.

fn vcalloc #

fn vcalloc(n isize) &u8

vcalloc dynamically allocates a zeroed n bytes block of memory on the heap. vcalloc returns a byteptr pointing to the memory address of the allocated space. Unlike v_calloc vcalloc checks for negative values given in n.

fn vcalloc_noscan #

fn vcalloc_noscan(n isize) &u8

special versions of the above that allocate memory which is not scanned for pointers (but is collected) when the Boehm garbage collection is used

fn vmemcmp #

unsafe
fn vmemcmp(const_s1 voidptr, const_s2 voidptr, n isize) int

vmemcmp compares the first n bytes (each interpreted as unsigned char) of the memory areas s1 and s2. It returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero, if the first n bytes of s1 is found, respectively, to be less than, to match, or be greater than the first n bytes of s2. For a nonzero return value, the sign is determined by the sign of the difference between the first pair of bytes (interpreted as unsigned char) that differ in s1 and s2. If n is zero, the return value is zero. Do NOT use vmemcmp to compare security critical data, such as cryptographic secrets, because the required CPU time depends on the number of equal bytes. You should use a function that performs comparisons in constant time for this.

fn vmemcpy #

unsafe
fn vmemcpy(dest voidptr, const_src voidptr, n isize) voidptr

vmemcpy copies n bytes from memory area src to memory area dest. The memory areas MUST NOT OVERLAP. Use vmemmove, if the memory areas do overlap. vmemcpy returns a pointer to dest.

fn vmemmove #

unsafe
fn vmemmove(dest voidptr, const_src voidptr, n isize) voidptr

vmemmove copies n bytes from memory area src to memory area dest. The memory areas MAY overlap: copying takes place as though the bytes in src are first copied into a temporary array that does not overlap src or dest, and the bytes are then copied from the temporary array to dest. vmemmove returns a pointer to dest.

fn vmemset #

unsafe
fn vmemset(s voidptr, c int, n isize) voidptr

vmemset fills the first n bytes of the memory area pointed to by s, with the constant byte c. It returns a pointer to the memory area s.

fn vstrlen #

unsafe
fn vstrlen(s &u8) int

vstrlen returns the V length of the C string s (0 terminator is not counted). The C string is expected to be a &byte pointer.

fn vstrlen_char #

unsafe
fn vstrlen_char(s &char) int

vstrlen_char returns the V length of the C string s (0 terminator is not counted). The C string is expected to be a &char pointer.

interface IError #

interface IError {
	// >> Hack to allow old style custom error implementations
	// TODO: remove once deprecation period for `IError` methods has ended
	msg  string
	code int // <<
	msg() string
	code() int
}

IError holds information about an error instance

fn (IError) free #

unsafe
fn (ie &IError) free()

fn (IError) str #

fn (err IError) str() string

str returns the message of IError

fn ([]rune) string #

fn (ra []rune) string() string

string converts a rune array to a string

fn ([]string) free #

unsafe
fn (mut a []string) free()

fn ([]string) join #

fn (a []string) join(sep string) string

join joins a string array into a string using sep separator.

Example

assert ['Hello','V'].join(' ') == 'Hello V'

fn ([]string) join_lines #

fn (s []string) join_lines() string

join joins a string array into a string using a \n newline delimiter.

fn ([]string) sort_by_len #

fn (mut s []string) sort_by_len()

sort_by_len sorts the string array by each string's .len length.

fn ([]string) sort_ignore_case #

fn (mut s []string) sort_ignore_case()

sort_ignore_case sorts the string array using case insensitive comparing.

fn ([]string) str #

fn (a []string) str() string

str returns a string representation of an array of strings

Example

['a', 'b', 'c'].str() // => "['a', 'b', 'c']".

fn ([]u8) byterune #

fn (b []u8) byterune() !rune

byterune attempts to decode a sequence of bytes from utf8 to utf32 and return the result as a rune it will produce an error if there are more than four bytes in the array.

fn ([]u8) bytestr #

fn (b []u8) bytestr() string

bytestr produces a string from all the bytes in the array.

Note: the returned string will have .len equal to the array.len, even when some of the array bytes were 0. If you want to get a V string, that contains only the bytes till the first 0 byte, use tos_clone(&u8(array.data)) instead.

fn ([]u8) hex #

fn (b []u8) hex() string

hex returns a string with the hexadecimal representation of the byte elements of the array.

fn ([]u8) utf8_to_utf32 #

fn (_bytes []u8) utf8_to_utf32() !rune

convert array of utf8 bytes to single utf32 value will error if more than 4 bytes are submitted

fn (bool) str #

fn (b bool) str() string

str returns the value of the bool as a string.

Example

assert (2 > 1).str() == 'true'

fn (byteptr) str #

fn (nn byteptr) str() string

hex returns the value of the byteptr as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded. pub fn (nn byteptr) str() string {

fn (byteptr) vbytes #

unsafe
fn (data byteptr) vbytes(len int) []u8

byteptr.vbytes() - makes a V []u8 structure from a C style memory buffer. Note: the data is reused, NOT copied!

fn (byteptr) vstring #

unsafe
fn (bp byteptr) vstring() string

vstring converts a C style string to a V string. Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied. strings returned from this function will be normal V strings beside that (i.e. they would be freed by V's -autofree mechanism, when they are no longer used).

fn (byteptr) vstring_literal #

unsafe
fn (bp byteptr) vstring_literal() string

vstring_literal converts a C style string to a V string.

Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied. NB2: unlike vstring, vstring_literal will mark the string as a literal, so it will not be freed by autofree. This is suitable for readonly strings, C string literals etc, that can be read by the V program, but that should not be managed by it, for example os.args is implemented using it.

fn (byteptr) vstring_literal_with_len #

unsafe
fn (bp byteptr) vstring_literal_with_len(len int) string

vstring_with_len converts a C style string to a V string.

Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied.

fn (byteptr) vstring_with_len #

unsafe
fn (bp byteptr) vstring_with_len(len int) string

vstring_with_len converts a C style string to a V string.

Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied.

fn (chan) close #

fn (ch chan) close()

close closes the channel for further push transactions. closed channels cannot be pushed to, however they can be popped from as long as there is still objects available in the channel buffer.

fn (chan) try_pop #

fn (ch chan) try_pop(obj voidptr) ChanState

try_pop returns ChanState.success if an object is popped from the channel. try_pop effectively pops from the channel without waiting for objects to become available. Both the test and pop transaction is done atomically.

fn (chan) try_push #

fn (ch chan) try_push(obj voidptr) ChanState

try_push returns ChanState.success if the object is pushed to the channel. try_push effectively both push and test if the transaction ch <- a succeeded. Both the test and push transaction is done atomically.

fn (char) str #

fn (cptr &char) str() string

str returns string equivalent of cptr

fn (char) vstring #

unsafe
fn (cp &char) vstring() string

vstring converts a C style string to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied! Strings returned from this function will be normal V strings beside that, (i.e. they would be freed by V's -autofree mechanism, when they are no longer used).

Note: instead of &u8(a.data).vstring(), use tos_clone(&u8(a.data)). See also tos_clone.

fn (char) vstring_literal #

unsafe
fn (cp &char) vstring_literal() string

vstring_literal converts a C style string char* pointer to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied! See also byteptr.vstring_literal for more details. See also tos_clone.

fn (char) vstring_literal_with_len #

unsafe
fn (cp &char) vstring_literal_with_len(len int) string

vstring_literal_with_len converts a C style string char* pointer, to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied! This method has lower overhead compared to .vstring_literal(), since it does not need to calculate the length of the 0 terminated string. See also tos_clone.

fn (char) vstring_with_len #

unsafe
fn (cp &char) vstring_with_len(len int) string

vstring_with_len converts a C style 0 terminated string to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied! This method has lower overhead compared to .vstring(), since it does not calculate the length of the 0 terminated string. See also tos_clone.

fn (charptr) str #

fn (nn charptr) str() string

fn (charptr) vstring #

unsafe
fn (cp charptr) vstring() string

vstring converts C char* to V string.

Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied.

fn (charptr) vstring_literal #

unsafe
fn (cp charptr) vstring_literal() string

vstring_literal converts C char* to V string. See also vstring_literal defined on byteptr for more details.

Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied.

fn (charptr) vstring_literal_with_len #

unsafe
fn (cp charptr) vstring_literal_with_len(len int) string

vstring_literal_with_len converts C char* to V string. See also vstring_literal_with_len defined on byteptr.

Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied.

fn (charptr) vstring_with_len #

unsafe
fn (cp charptr) vstring_with_len(len int) string

vstring_with_len converts C char* to V string.

Note: the string data is reused, NOT copied.

fn (f32) str #

fn (x f32) str() string

str returns a f32 as string in suitable notation.

fn (f32) strg #

fn (x f32) strg() string

strg return a f32 as string in "g" printf format

fn (f32) strsci #

fn (x f32) strsci(digit_num int) string

strsci returns the f32 as a string in scientific notation with digit_num decimals displayed, max 8 digits.

Example

assert f32(1.234).strsci(3) == '1.234e+00'

fn (f32) strlong #

fn (x f32) strlong() string

strlong returns a decimal notation of the f32 as a string.

fn (f32) eq_epsilon #

fn (a f32) eq_epsilon(b f32) bool

eq_epsilon returns true if the f32 is equal to input b. using an epsilon of typically 1E-5 or higher (backend/compiler dependent).

Example

assert f32(2.0).eq_epsilon(2.0)

fn (f64) str #

fn (x f64) str() string

fn (f64) strg #

fn (x f64) strg() string

strg return a f64 as string in "g" printf format

fn (f64) strsci #

fn (x f64) strsci(digit_num int) string

strsci returns the f64 as a string in scientific notation with digit_num decimals displayed, max 17 digits.

Example

assert f64(1.234).strsci(3) == '1.234e+00'

fn (f64) strlong #

fn (x f64) strlong() string

strlong returns a decimal notation of the f64 as a string.

Example

assert f64(1.23456).strlong() == '1.23456'

fn (f64) eq_epsilon #

fn (a f64) eq_epsilon(b f64) bool

eq_epsilon returns true if the f64 is equal to input b. using an epsilon of typically 1E-9 or higher (backend/compiler dependent).

Example

assert f64(2.0).eq_epsilon(2.0)

fn (float literal) str #

fn (d float_literal) str() string

str returns the value of the float_literal as a string.

fn (i16) str #

fn (n i16) str() string

str returns the value of the i16 as a string.

Example

assert i16(-20).str() == '-20'

fn (i16) hex #

fn (nn i16) hex() string

hex returns the value of the i16 as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

Examples

assert i16(2).hex() == '2'
assert i16(200).hex() == 'c8'

fn (i16) hex_full #

fn (nn i16) hex_full() string

fn (i32) str #

fn (n i32) str() string

fn (i64) str #

fn (nn i64) str() string

str returns the value of the i64 as a string.

Example

assert i64(-200000).str() == '-200000'

fn (i64) hex #

fn (nn i64) hex() string

hex returns the value of the i64 as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

Examples

assert i64(2).hex() == '2'
assert i64(-200).hex() == 'ffffffffffffff38'
assert i64(2021).hex() == '7e5'

fn (i64) hex_full #

fn (nn i64) hex_full() string

fn (i8) str #

fn (n i8) str() string

str returns the value of the i8 as a string.

Example

assert i8(-2).str() == '-2'

fn (i8) hex #

fn (nn i8) hex() string

hex returns the value of the i8 as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is zero padded for values below 16.

Examples

assert i8(8).hex() == '08'
assert i8(10).hex() == '0a'
assert i8(15).hex() == '0f'

fn (i8) hex_full #

fn (nn i8) hex_full() string

fn (int) hex_full #

fn (nn int) hex_full() string

str returns the value of the int as a string.

Example

assert int(-2020).str() == '-2020'

fn (int) str #

fn (n int) str() string

str returns the value of the int as a string.

Example

assert int(-2020).str() == '-2020'

fn (int) hex #

fn (nn int) hex() string

hex returns the value of the int as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

Examples

assert int(2).hex() == '2'
assert int(200).hex() == 'c8'

fn (int) hex2 #

fn (n int) hex2() string

hex2 returns the value of the int as a 0x-prefixed hexadecimal string. Note that the output after 0x is not zero padded.

Examples

assert int(8).hex2() == '0x8'
assert int(15).hex2() == '0xf'
assert int(18).hex2() == '0x12'

fn (int literal) str #

fn (n int_literal) str() string

str returns the value of the int_literal as a string.

fn (int literal) hex #

fn (nn int_literal) hex() string

hex returns the value of the int_literal as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

fn (int literal) hex_full #

fn (nn int_literal) hex_full() string

fn (isize) str #

fn (x isize) str() string

str returns string equivalent of x

fn (MessageError) msg #

fn (err MessageError) msg() string

msg returns the message of MessageError

fn (MessageError) code #

fn (err MessageError) code() int

code returns the code of MessageError

fn (MessageError) free #

unsafe
fn (err &MessageError) free()

fn (none) str #

fn (_ none) str() string

fn (rune) str #

fn (c rune) str() string

str converts a rune to string

fn (rune) repeat #

fn (c rune) repeat(count int) string

repeat returns a new string with count number of copies of the rune it was called on.

fn (rune) bytes #

fn (c rune) bytes() []u8

bytes converts a rune to an array of bytes

fn (rune) length_in_bytes #

fn (c rune) length_in_bytes() int

length_in_bytes returns the number of bytes needed to store the code point. Returns -1 if the data is not a valid code point.

fn (u16) str #

fn (n u16) str() string

str returns the value of the u16 as a string.

Example

assert u16(20).str() == '20'

fn (u16) hex #

fn (nn u16) hex() string

hex returns the value of the u16 as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

Examples

assert u16(2).hex() == '2'
assert u16(200).hex() == 'c8'

fn (u16) hex_full #

fn (nn u16) hex_full() string

fn (u32) str #

fn (nn u32) str() string

str returns the value of the u32 as a string.

Example

assert u32(20000).str() == '20000'

fn (u32) hex #

fn (nn u32) hex() string

hex returns the value of the u32 as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

Examples

assert u32(2).hex() == '2'
assert u32(200).hex() == 'c8'

fn (u32) hex_full #

fn (nn u32) hex_full() string

fn (u64) str #

fn (nn u64) str() string

str returns the value of the u64 as a string.

Example

assert u64(2000000).str() == '2000000'

fn (u64) hex #

fn (nn u64) hex() string

hex returns the value of the u64 as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

Examples

assert u64(2).hex() == '2'
assert u64(2000).hex() == '7d0'

fn (u64) hex_full #

fn (nn u64) hex_full() string

hex_full returns the value of the u64 as a full 16-digit hexadecimal string.

Examples

assert u64(2).hex_full() == '0000000000000002'
assert u64(255).hex_full() == '00000000000000ff'

fn (u8) ascii_str #

fn (b u8) ascii_str() string

ascii_str returns the contents of byte as a zero terminated ASCII string character.

Example

assert u8(97).ascii_str() == 'a'

fn (u8) hex #

fn (nn u8) hex() string

hex returns the value of the byte as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is zero padded for values below 16.

Examples

assert u8(2).hex() == '02'
assert u8(15).hex() == '0f'
assert u8(255).hex() == 'ff'

fn (u8) hex_full #

fn (nn u8) hex_full() string

fn (u8) is_alnum #

fn (c u8) is_alnum() bool

is_alnum returns true if the byte is in range a-z, A-Z, 0-9 and false otherwise.

Example

assert u8(`V`).is_alnum() == true

fn (u8) is_bin_digit #

fn (c u8) is_bin_digit() bool

is_bin_digit returns true if the byte is a binary digit (0 or 1) and false otherwise.

Example

assert u8(`0`).is_bin_digit() == true

fn (u8) is_capital #

fn (c u8) is_capital() bool

is_capital returns true, if the byte is a Latin capital letter.

Examples

assert `H`.is_capital() == true
assert `h`.is_capital() == false

fn (u8) is_digit #

fn (c u8) is_digit() bool

is_digit returns true if the byte is in range 0-9 and false otherwise.

Example

assert u8(`9`).is_digit() == true

fn (u8) is_hex_digit #

fn (c u8) is_hex_digit() bool

is_hex_digit returns true if the byte is either in range 0-9, a-f or A-F and false otherwise.

Example

assert u8(`F`).is_hex_digit() == true

fn (u8) is_letter #

fn (c u8) is_letter() bool

is_letter returns true if the byte is in range a-z or A-Z and false otherwise.

Example

assert u8(`V`).is_letter() == true

fn (u8) is_oct_digit #

fn (c u8) is_oct_digit() bool

is_oct_digit returns true if the byte is in range 0-7 and false otherwise.

Example

assert u8(`7`).is_oct_digit() == true

fn (u8) is_space #

fn (c u8) is_space() bool

is_space returns true if the byte is a white space character. The following list is considered white space characters: , \t, \n, \v, \f, \r, 0x85, 0xa0

Example

assert u8(` `).is_space() == true

fn (u8) repeat #

fn (b u8) repeat(count int) string

repeat returns a new string with count number of copies of the byte it was called on.

fn (u8) str #

fn (b u8) str() string

str returns the contents of byte as a zero terminated string. See also: byte.ascii_str

Example

assert u8(111).str() == '111'

fn (u8) str_escaped #

fn (b u8) str_escaped() string

str_escaped returns the contents of byte as an escaped string.

Example

assert u8(0).str_escaped() == r'`\0`'

fn (u8) vbytes #

unsafe
fn (data &u8) vbytes(len int) []u8

vbytes on &u8 makes a V []u8 structure from a C style memory buffer.

Note: the data is reused, NOT copied!

fn (u8) vstring #

unsafe
fn (bp &u8) vstring() string

vstring converts a C style string to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied!

Note: instead of &u8(arr.data).vstring(), do use tos_clone(&u8(arr.data)). Strings returned from this function will be normal V strings beside that, (i.e. they would be freed by V's -autofree mechanism, when they are no longer used). See also tos_clone.

fn (u8) vstring_literal #

unsafe
fn (bp &u8) vstring_literal() string

vstring_literal converts a C style string to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied! NB2: unlike vstring, vstring_literal will mark the string as a literal, so it will not be freed by -autofree. This is suitable for readonly strings, C string literals etc, that can be read by the V program, but that should not be managed/freed by it, for example os.args is implemented using it. See also tos_clone.

fn (u8) vstring_literal_with_len #

unsafe
fn (bp &u8) vstring_literal_with_len(len int) string

vstring_with_len converts a C style string to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied! This method has lower overhead compared to .vstring_literal(), since it does not need to calculate the length of the 0 terminated string. See also tos_clone.

fn (u8) vstring_with_len #

unsafe
fn (bp &u8) vstring_with_len(len int) string

vstring_with_len converts a C style 0 terminated string to a V string.

Note: the memory block pointed by bp is reused, not copied! This method has lower overhead compared to .vstring(), since it does not need to calculate the length of the 0 terminated string. See also tos_clone.

fn (usize) str #

fn (x usize) str() string

str returns string equivalent of x

fn (voidptr) hex_full #

fn (nn voidptr) hex_full() string

fn (voidptr) str #

fn (nn voidptr) str() string

hex returns the value of the voidptr as a hexadecimal string. Note that the output is not zero padded.

fn (voidptr) vbytes #

unsafe
fn (data voidptr) vbytes(len int) []u8

vbytes onvoidptr makes a V []u8 structure from a C style memory buffer.

Note: the data is reused, NOT copied!

enum ArrayFlags #

@[flag]
enum ArrayFlags {
	noslices // when <<, `.noslices` will free the old data block immediately (you have to be sure, that there are *no slices* to that specific array). TODO: integrate with reference counting/compiler support for the static cases.
	noshrink // when `.noslices` and `.noshrink` are *both set*, .delete(x) will NOT allocate new memory and free the old. It will just move the elements in place, and adjust .len.
	nogrow // the array will never be allowed to grow past `.cap`. set `.nogrow` and `.noshrink` for a truly fixed heap array
	nofree // `.data` will never be freed
}

enum AttributeKind #

enum AttributeKind {
	plain // [name]
	string // ['name']
	number // [123]
	comptime_define // [if name]
}

enum ChanState #

enum ChanState {
	success
	not_ready // push()/pop() would have to wait, but no_block was requested
	closed
}

ChanState describes the result of an attempted channel transaction.

enum StrIntpType #

enum StrIntpType {
	si_no_str = 0 // no parameter to print only fix string
	si_c
	si_u8
	si_i8
	si_u16
	si_i16
	si_u32
	si_i32
	si_u64
	si_i64
	si_e32
	si_e64
	si_f32
	si_f64
	si_g32
	si_g64
	si_s
	si_p
	si_r
	si_vp
}

fn (StrIntpType) str #

fn (x StrIntpType) str() string

struct array #

struct array {
pub mut:
	data   voidptr
	offset int // in bytes (should be `usize`), to avoid copying data while making slices, unless it starts changing
	len    int // length of the array in elements.
	cap    int // capacity of the array in elements.
	flags  ArrayFlags
pub:
	element_size int // size in bytes of one element in the array.
}

array is a struct, used for denoting all array types in V. .data is a void pointer to the backing heap memory block, which avoids using generics and thus without generating extra code for every type.

fn (array) repeat #

fn (a array) repeat(count int) array

repeat returns a new array with the given array elements repeated given times. cgen will replace this with an appropriate call to repeat_to_depth()

This is a dummy placeholder that will be overridden by cgen with an appropriate call to repeat_to_depth(). However the checker needs it here.

fn (array) repeat_to_depth #

unsafe
fn (a array) repeat_to_depth(count int, depth int) array

repeat_to_depth is an unsafe version of repeat() that handles multi-dimensional arrays.

It is unsafe to call directly because depth is not checked

fn (array) insert #

fn (mut a array) insert(i int, val voidptr)

insert inserts a value in the array at index i and increases the index of subsequent elements by 1.

This function is type-aware and can insert items of the same or lower dimensionality as the original array. That is, if the original array is []int, then the insert val may be int or []int. If the original array is [][]int, then val may be []int or [][]int. Consider the examples.

Example

mut a := [1, 2, 4]
a.insert(2, 3)          // a now is [1, 2, 3, 4]
mut b := [3, 4]
b.insert(0, [1, 2])     // b now is [1, 2, 3, 4]
mut c := [[3, 4]]
c.insert(0, [1, 2])     // c now is [[1, 2], [3, 4]]

fn (array) prepend #

fn (mut a array) prepend(val voidptr)

prepend prepends one or more elements to an array. It is shorthand for .insert(0, val)

fn (array) delete #

fn (mut a array) delete(i int)

delete deletes array element at index i. This is exactly the same as calling .delete_many(i, 1).

Note: This function does NOT operate in-place. Internally, it creates a copy of the array, skipping over the element at i, and then points the original variable to the new memory location.

Example

mut a := ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
a.delete(1) // a is now ['0', '2', '3', '4', '5']

fn (array) delete_many #

fn (mut a array) delete_many(i int, size int)

delete_many deletes size elements beginning with index i

Note: This function does NOT operate in-place. Internally, it creates a copy of the array, skipping over size elements starting at i, and then points the original variable to the new memory location.

Example

mut a := [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
b := a[..9] // creates a `slice` of `a`, not a clone
a.delete_many(4, 3) // replaces `a` with a modified clone
dump(a) // a: [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9] // `a` is now different
dump(b) // b: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] // `b` is still the same

fn (array) clear #

fn (mut a array) clear()

clear clears the array without deallocating the allocated data. It does it by setting the array length to 0

Example

a.clear() // `a.len` is now 0

fn (array) reset #

unsafe
fn (mut a array) reset()

reset quickly sets the bytes of all elements of the array to 0. Useful mainly for numeric arrays. Note, that calling reset() is not safe, when your array contains more complex elements, like structs, maps, pointers etc, since setting them to 0, can later lead to hard to find bugs.

fn (array) trim #

fn (mut a array) trim(index int)

trim trims the array length to index without modifying the allocated data. If index is greater than len nothing will be changed.

Example

a.trim(3) // `a.len` is now <= 3

fn (array) drop #

fn (mut a array) drop(num int)

drop advances the array past the first num elements whilst preserving spare capacity. If num is greater than len the array will be emptied.

Example

mut a := [1,2]
a << 3
a.drop(2)
assert a == [3]
assert a.cap > a.len

fn (array) first #

fn (a array) first() voidptr

first returns the first element of the array. If the array is empty, this will panic. However, a[0] returns an error object so it can be handled with an or block.

fn (array) last #

fn (a array) last() voidptr

last returns the last element of the array. If the array is empty, this will panic.

fn (array) pop #

fn (mut a array) pop() voidptr

pop returns the last element of the array, and removes it. If the array is empty, this will panic.

Note: this function reduces the length of the given array, but arrays sliced from this one will not change. They still retain their "view" of the underlying memory.

Example

mut a := [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
b := a[..9] // creates a "view" into the same memory
c := a.pop() // c == 9
a[1] = 5
dump(a) // a: [1, 5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
dump(b) // b: [1, 5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

fn (array) delete_last #

fn (mut a array) delete_last()

delete_last efficiently deletes the last element of the array. It does it simply by reducing the length of the array by 1. If the array is empty, this will panic. See also: trim

fn (array) clone #

fn (a &array) clone() array

clone returns an independent copy of a given array. this will be overwritten by cgen with an appropriate call to .clone_to_depth() However the checker needs it here.

fn (array) clone_to_depth #

unsafe
fn (a &array) clone_to_depth(depth int) array

recursively clone given array - unsafe when called directly because depth is not checked

fn (array) push_many #

unsafe
fn (mut a3 array) push_many(val voidptr, size int)

push_many implements the functionality for pushing another array. val is array.data and user facing usage is a << [1,2,3]

fn (array) reverse_in_place #

fn (mut a array) reverse_in_place()

reverse_in_place reverses existing array data, modifying original array.

fn (array) reverse #

fn (a array) reverse() array

reverse returns a new array with the elements of the original array in reverse order.

fn (array) free #

unsafe
fn (a &array) free()

free frees all memory occupied by the array.

fn (array) filter #

fn (a array) filter(predicate fn (voidptr) bool) array

filter creates a new array with all elements that pass the test. Ignore the function signature. filter does not take an actual callback. Rather, it takes an it expression.

Certain array functions (filter any all) support a simplified domain-specific-language by the backend compiler to make these operations more idiomatic to V. These functions are described here, but their implementation is compiler specific.

Each function takes a boolean test expression as its single argument. These test expressions may use it as a pointer to a single element at a time.

Examples

array.filter(it < 5) // create an array of elements less than 5
array.filter(it % 2 == 1) // create an array of only odd elements
array.filter(it.name[0] == `A`) // create an array of elements whose `name` field starts with 'A'

fn (array) any #

fn (a array) any(predicate fn (voidptr) bool) bool

any tests whether at least one element in the array passes the test. Ignore the function signature. any does not take an actual callback. Rather, it takes an it expression. It returns true if it finds an element passing the test. Otherwise, it returns false. It doesn't modify the array.

Examples

array.any(it % 2 == 1) // will return true if any element is odd
array.any(it.name == 'Bob') // will yield `true` if any element has `.name == 'Bob'`

fn (array) all #

fn (a array) all(predicate fn (voidptr) bool) bool

all tests whether all elements in the array pass the test. Ignore the function signature. all does not take an actual callback. Rather, it takes an it expression. It returns false if any element fails the test. Otherwise, it returns true. It doesn't modify the array.

Example

array.all(it % 2 == 1) // will return true if every element is odd

fn (array) map #

fn (a array) map(callback fn (voidptr) voidptr) array

map creates a new array populated with the results of calling a provided function on every element in the calling array. It also accepts an it expression.

Example

words := ['hello', 'world']
r1 := words.map(it.to_upper())
assert r1 == ['HELLO', 'WORLD']

// map can also accept anonymous functions
r2 := words.map(fn (w string) string {
	return w.to_upper()
})
assert r2 == ['HELLO', 'WORLD']

fn (array) sort #

fn (mut a array) sort(callback fn (voidptr, voidptr) int)

sort sorts the array in place. Ignore the function signature. Passing a callback to .sort is not supported for now. Consider using the .sort_with_compare method if you need it.

sort can take a boolean test expression as its single argument. The expression uses 2 'magic' variables a and b as pointers to the two elements being compared.

Examples

array.sort() // will sort the array in ascending order
array.sort(b < a) // will sort the array in descending order
array.sort(b.name < a.name) // will sort descending by the .name field

fn (array) sorted #

fn (a &array) sorted(callback fn (voidptr, voidptr) int) array

sorted returns a sorted copy of the original array. The original array is NOT modified. See also .sort() .

Examples

assert [9,1,6,3,9].sorted() == [1,3,6,9,9]
assert [9,1,6,3,9].sorted(b < a) == [9,9,6,3,1]

fn (array) sort_with_compare #

fn (mut a array) sort_with_compare(callback fn (voidptr, voidptr) int)

sort_with_compare sorts the array in-place using the results of the given function to determine sort order.

The function should return one of three values:- -1 when a should come before b ( a < b )

  • 1 when b should come before a ( b < a )
  • 0 when the order cannot be determined ( a == b )

Example

fn main() {
	mut a := ['hi', '1', '5', '3']
	a.sort_with_compare(fn (a &string, b &string) int {
		if a < b {
			return -1
		}
		if a > b {
			return 1
		}
		return 0
	})
	assert a == ['1', '3', '5', 'hi']
}

fn (array) sorted_with_compare #

fn (a &array) sorted_with_compare(callback fn (voidptr, voidptr) int) array

sorted_with_compare sorts a clone of the array, using the results of the given function to determine sort order. The original array is not modified. See also .sort_with_compare()

fn (array) contains #

fn (a array) contains(value voidptr) bool

contains determines whether an array includes a certain value among its elements It will return true if the array contains an element with this value. It is similar to .any but does not take an it expression.

Example

[1, 2, 3].contains(4) == false

fn (array) index #

fn (a array) index(value voidptr) int

index returns the first index at which a given element can be found in the array or -1 if the value is not found.

fn (array) grow_cap #

fn (mut a array) grow_cap(amount int)

grow_cap grows the array's capacity by amount elements. Internally, it does this by copying the entire array to a new memory location (creating a clone).

fn (array) grow_len #

unsafe
fn (mut a array) grow_len(amount int)

grow_len ensures that an array has a.len + amount of length Internally, it does this by copying the entire array to a new memory location (creating a clone) unless the array.cap is already large enough.

fn (array) pointers #

unsafe
fn (a array) pointers() []voidptr

pointers returns a new array, where each element is the address of the corresponding element in the array.

struct C.DIR #

@[typedef]
struct C.DIR {
}

struct C.FILE #

@[typedef]
struct C.FILE {}

struct C.GC_stack_base #

struct C.GC_stack_base {
	mem_base voidptr
	// reg_base voidptr
}

struct C.IError #

@[typedef]
struct C.IError {
	_object voidptr
}

struct EnumData #

struct EnumData {
pub:
	name  string
	value i64
	attrs []string
}

struct Error #

struct Error {}

Error is the empty default implementation of IError.

fn (Error) msg #

fn (err Error) msg() string

fn (Error) code #

fn (err Error) code() int

struct FieldData #

struct FieldData {
pub:
	name          string // the name of the field f
	typ           int    // the internal TypeID of the field f,
	unaliased_typ int    // if f's type was an alias of int, this will be TypeID(int)
	//
	attrs  []string // the attributes of the field f
	is_pub bool     // f is in a `pub:` section
	is_mut bool     // f is in a `mut:` section
	//
	is_shared bool // `f shared Abc`
	is_atomic bool // `f atomic int` , TODO
	is_option bool // `f ?string` , TODO
	//
	is_array  bool // `f []string` , TODO
	is_map    bool // `f map[string]int` , TODO
	is_chan   bool // `f chan int` , TODO
	is_enum   bool // `f Enum` where Enum is an enum
	is_struct bool // `f Abc` where Abc is a struct , TODO
	is_alias  bool // `f MyInt` where `type MyInt = int`, TODO
	//
	indirections u8 // 0 for `f int`, 1 for `f &int`, 2 for `f &&int` , TODO
}

FieldData holds information about a field. Fields reside on structs.

struct FunctionData #

struct FunctionData {
pub:
	name        string
	attrs       []string
	args        []MethodArgs
	return_type int
	typ         int
}

FunctionData holds information about a parsed function.

struct GCHeapUsage #

struct GCHeapUsage {
pub:
	heap_size      usize
	free_bytes     usize
	total_bytes    usize
	unmapped_bytes usize
	bytes_since_gc usize
}

struct map #

struct map {
	// Number of bytes of a key
	key_bytes int
	// Number of bytes of a value
	value_bytes int
mut:
	// Highest even index in the hashtable
	even_index u32
	// Number of cached hashbits left for rehashing
	cached_hashbits u8
	// Used for right-shifting out used hashbits
	shift u8
	// Array storing key-values (ordered)
	key_values DenseArray
	// Pointer to meta-data:
	// - Odd indices store kv_index.
	// - Even indices store probe_count and hashbits.
	metas &u32
	// Extra metas that allows for no ranging when incrementing
	// index in the hashmap
	extra_metas     u32
	has_string_keys bool
	hash_fn         MapHashFn
	key_eq_fn       MapEqFn
	clone_fn        MapCloneFn
	free_fn         MapFreeFn
pub mut:
	// Number of key-values currently in the hashmap
	len int
}

map is the internal representation of a V map type.

fn (map) move #

fn (mut m map) move() map

move moves the map to a new location in memory. It does this by copying to a new location, then setting the old location to all 0 with vmemset

fn (map) clear #

fn (mut m map) clear()

clear clears the map without deallocating the allocated data. It does it by setting the map length to 0

Example

a.clear() // `a.len` and `a.key_values.len` is now 0

fn (map) reserve #

fn (mut m map) reserve(meta_bytes u32)

reserve memory for the map meta data

fn (map) delete #

unsafe
fn (mut m map) delete(key voidptr)

delete removes the mapping of a particular key from the map.

fn (map) keys #

fn (m &map) keys() array

keys returns all keys in the map.

fn (map) values #

fn (m &map) values() array

values returns all values in the map.

fn (map) clone #

unsafe
fn (m &map) clone() map

clone returns a clone of the map.

fn (map) free #

unsafe
fn (m &map) free()

free releases all memory resources occupied by the map.

struct MethodArgs #

struct MethodArgs {
pub:
	typ  int
	name string
}

MethodArgs holds type information for function and/or method arguments.

struct SortedMap #

struct SortedMap {
	value_bytes int
mut:
	root &mapnode
pub mut:
	len int
}

fn (SortedMap) delete #

fn (mut m SortedMap) delete(key string)

fn (SortedMap) keys #

fn (m &SortedMap) keys() []string

fn (SortedMap) free #

fn (mut m SortedMap) free()

fn (SortedMap) print #

fn (m SortedMap) print()

struct string #

struct string {
pub:
	str &u8 = 0 // points to a C style 0 terminated string of bytes.
	len int // the length of the .str field, excluding the ending 0 byte. It is always equal to strlen(.str).
	// NB string.is_lit is an enumeration of the following:
	// .is_lit == 0 => a fresh string, should be freed by autofree
	// .is_lit == 1 => a literal string from .rodata, should NOT be freed
	// .is_lit == -98761234 => already freed string, protects against double frees.
	// ---------> ^^^^^^^^^ calling free on these is a bug.
	// Any other value means that the string has been corrupted.
mut:
	is_lit int
}

fn (string) after #

fn (s string) after(sub string) string

Todo: deprecate either .all_after_last or .after

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.after(':') == '45.234'
assert 'abcd'.after('z') == 'abcd'

fn (string) after_char #

fn (s string) after_char(sub u8) string

after_char returns the contents after the first occurrence of sub character in the string. If the substring is not found, it returns the full input string.

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.after_char(`:`) == '34:45.234'
assert 'abcd'.after_char(`:`) == 'abcd'

fn (string) all_after #

fn (s string) all_after(sub string) string

all_after returns the contents after sub in the string. If the substring is not found, it returns the full input string.

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.all_after('.') == '234'
assert 'abcd'.all_after('z') == 'abcd'

fn (string) all_after_first #

fn (s string) all_after_first(sub string) string

all_after_first returns the contents after the first occurrence of sub in the string. If the substring is not found, it returns the full input string.

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.all_after_first(':') == '34:45.234'
assert 'abcd'.all_after_first('z') == 'abcd'

fn (string) all_after_last #

fn (s string) all_after_last(sub string) string

all_after_last returns the contents after the last occurrence of sub in the string. If the substring is not found, it returns the full input string.

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.all_after_last(':') == '45.234'
assert 'abcd'.all_after_last('z') == 'abcd'

fn (string) all_before #

fn (s string) all_before(sub string) string

all_before returns the contents before sub in the string. If the substring is not found, it returns the full input string.

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.all_before('.') == '23:34:45'
assert 'abcd'.all_before('.') == 'abcd'

fn (string) all_before_last #

fn (s string) all_before_last(sub string) string

all_before_last returns the contents before the last occurrence of sub in the string. If the substring is not found, it returns the full input string.

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.all_before_last(':') == '23:34'
assert 'abcd'.all_before_last('.') == 'abcd'

fn (string) before #

fn (s string) before(sub string) string

Todo: deprecate and remove either .before or .all_before

Examples

assert '23:34:45.234'.before('.') == '23:34:45'
assert 'abcd'.before('.') == 'abcd'

fn (string) bool #

fn (s string) bool() bool

bool returns true if the string equals the word "true" it will return false otherwise.

fn (string) bytes #

fn (s string) bytes() []u8

bytes returns the string converted to a byte array.

fn (string) capitalize #

fn (s string) capitalize() string

capitalize returns the string with the first character capitalized.

Example

assert 'hello'.capitalize() == 'Hello'

fn (string) clone #

fn (a string) clone() string

clone returns a copy of the V string a.

fn (string) compare #

fn (s string) compare(a string) int

compare returns -1 if s < a, 0 if s == a, and 1 if s > a

fn (string) contains #

fn (s string) contains(substr string) bool

contains returns true if the string contains substr. See also: string.index

fn (string) contains_any #

fn (s string) contains_any(chars string) bool

contains_any returns true if the string contains any chars in chars.

fn (string) contains_any_substr #

fn (s string) contains_any_substr(substrs []string) bool

contains_any_substr returns true if the string contains any of the strings in substrs.

fn (string) contains_only #

fn (s string) contains_only(chars string) bool

contains_only returns true, if the string contains only the characters in chars.

fn (string) contains_u8 #

fn (s string) contains_u8(x u8) bool

contains_u8 returns true if the string contains the byte value x. See also: string.index_u8 , to get the index of the byte as well.

fn (string) count #

fn (s string) count(substr string) int

count returns the number of occurrences of substr in the string. count returns -1 if no substr could be found.

fn (string) ends_with #

fn (s string) ends_with(p string) bool

ends_with returns true if the string ends with p.

fn (string) f32 #

fn (s string) f32() f32

f32 returns the value of the string as f32 '1.0'.f32() == f32(1).

fn (string) f64 #

fn (s string) f64() f64

f64 returns the value of the string as f64 '1.0'.f64() == f64(1).

fn (string) fields #

fn (s string) fields() []string

fields returns a string array of the string split by \t and

Examples

assert '\t\tv = v'.fields() == ['v', '=', 'v']
assert '  sss   ssss'.fields() == ['sss', 'ssss']

fn (string) find_between #

fn (s string) find_between(start string, end string) string

find_between returns the string found between start string and end string.

Example

assert 'hey [man] how you doin'.find_between('[', ']') == 'man'

fn (string) free #

unsafe
fn (s &string) free()

free allows for manually freeing the memory occupied by the string

fn (string) hash #

fn (s string) hash() int

hash returns an integer hash of the string.

fn (string) i16 #

fn (s string) i16() i16

i16 returns the value of the string as i16 '1'.i16() == i16(1).

fn (string) i64 #

fn (s string) i64() i64

i64 returns the value of the string as i64 '1'.i64() == i64(1).

fn (string) i8 #

fn (s string) i8() i8

i8 returns the value of the string as i8 '1'.i8() == i8(1).

fn (string) indent_width #

fn (s string) indent_width() int

indent_width returns the number of spaces or tabs at the beginning of the string.

Examples

assert '  v'.indent_width() == 2
assert '\t\tv'.indent_width() == 2

fn (string) index #

fn (s string) index(p string) ?int

index returns the position of the first character of the first occurrence of the needle string in s. It will return none if the needle string can't be found in s.

fn (string) index_after #

fn (s string) index_after(p string, start int) int

index_after returns the position of the input string, starting search from start position.

fn (string) index_any #

fn (s string) index_any(chars string) int

index_any returns the position of any of the characters in the input string - if found.

fn (string) index_last #

fn (s string) index_last(needle string) ?int

index_last returns the position of the first character of the last occurrence of the needle string in s.

fn (string) index_u8 #

fn (s string) index_u8(c u8) int

index_u8 returns the index of byte c if found in the string. index_u8 returns -1 if the byte can not be found.

fn (string) index_u8_last #

fn (s string) index_u8_last(c u8) int

index_u8_last returns the index of the last occurrence of the byte c (if found) in the string. It returns -1, if c is not found.

fn (string) int #

fn (s string) int() int

int returns the value of the string as an integer '1'.int() == 1.

fn (string) is_ascii #

fn (s string) is_ascii() bool

is_ascii returns true if all characters belong to the US-ASCII set ([ ..~])

fn (string) is_bin #

fn (str string) is_bin() bool

is_bin returns true if the string is a binary value.

fn (string) is_blank #

fn (s string) is_blank() bool

is_blank returns true if the string is empty or contains only white-space.

Examples

assert ' '.is_blank()
assert '\t'.is_blank()
assert 'v'.is_blank() == false

fn (string) is_capital #

fn (s string) is_capital() bool

is_capital returns true, if the first character in the string s, is a capital letter, and the rest are NOT.

Examples

assert 'Hello'.is_capital() == true
assert 'HelloWorld'.is_capital() == false

fn (string) is_hex #

fn (str string) is_hex() bool

is_hex returns 'true' if the string is a hexadecimal value.

fn (string) is_int #

fn (str string) is_int() bool

Check if a string is an integer value. Returns 'true' if it is, or 'false' if it is not

fn (string) is_lower #

fn (s string) is_lower() bool

is_lower returns true if all characters in the string are lowercase.

Example

assert 'hello developer'.is_lower() == true

fn (string) is_oct #

fn (str string) is_oct() bool

Check if a string is an octal value. Returns 'true' if it is, or 'false' if it is not

fn (string) is_title #

fn (s string) is_title() bool

is_title returns true if all words of the string are capitalized.

Example

assert 'Hello V Developer'.is_title() == true

fn (string) is_upper #

fn (s string) is_upper() bool

is_upper returns true if all characters in the string are uppercase. See also: byte.is_capital

Example

assert 'HELLO V'.is_upper() == true

fn (string) last_index #

deprecated: use `.index_last(needle string)` instead
deprecated_after: 2023-12-18
fn (s string) last_index(needle string) ?int

last_index returns the position of the first character of the last occurrence of the needle string in s.

fn (string) last_index_u8 #

deprecated: use `.index_u8_last(c u8)` instead
deprecated_after: 2023-12-18
fn (s string) last_index_u8(c u8) int

last_index_u8 returns the index of the last occurrence of byte c if found in the string. It returns -1, if the byte c is not found.

fn (string) len_utf8 #

fn (s string) len_utf8() int

len_utf8 returns the number of runes contained in the string s.

fn (string) limit #

fn (s string) limit(max int) string

limit returns a portion of the string, starting at 0 and extending for a given number of characters afterward. 'hello'.limit(2) => 'he' 'hi'.limit(10) => 'hi'

fn (string) match_glob #

fn (name string) match_glob(pattern string) bool

match_glob matches the string, with a Unix shell-style wildcard pattern.

Note: wildcard patterns are NOT the same as regular expressions. They are much simpler, and do not allow backtracking, captures, etc. The special characters used in shell-style wildcards are: * - matches everything ? - matches any single character [seq] - matches any of the characters in the sequence [^seq] - matches any character that is NOT in the sequence Any other character in pattern, is matched 1:1 to the corresponding character in name, including / and . You can wrap the meta-characters in brackets too, i.e. [?] matches ? in the string, and [*] matches * in the string.

Examples

assert 'ABCD'.match_glob('AB*')
assert 'ABCD'.match_glob('*D')
assert 'ABCD'.match_glob('*B*')
assert !'ABCD'.match_glob('AB')

fn (string) normalize_tabs #

fn (s string) normalize_tabs(tab_len int) string

normalize_tabs replaces all tab characters with tab_len amount of spaces

Example

assert '\t\tpop rax\t; pop rax'.normalize_tabs(2) == '    pop rax  ; pop rax'

fn (string) parse_int #

fn (s string) parse_int(_base int, _bit_size int) !i64

parse_int interprets a string s in the given base (0, 2 to 36) and bit size (0 to 64) and returns the corresponding value i.

If the base argument is 0, the true base is implied by the string's prefix: 2 for "0b", 8 for "0" or "0o", 16 for "0x", and 10 otherwise. Also, for argument base 0 only, underscore characters are permitted as defined by the Go syntax for integer literals.

The bitSize argument specifies the integer type that the result must fit into. Bit sizes 0, 8, 16, 32, and 64 correspond to int, int8, int16, int32, and int64. If bitSize is below 0 or above 64, an error is returned.

This method directly exposes the parse_int function from strconv as a method on string. For more advanced features, consider calling strconv.common_parse_int directly.

fn (string) parse_uint #

fn (s string) parse_uint(_base int, _bit_size int) !u64

parse_uint is like parse_int but for unsigned numbers

This method directly exposes the parse_uint function from strconv as a method on string. For more advanced features, consider calling strconv.common_parse_uint directly.

fn (string) repeat #

fn (s string) repeat(count int) string

repeat returns a new string with count number of copies of the string it was called on.

fn (string) replace #

fn (s string) replace(rep string, with string) string

replace replaces all occurrences of rep with the string passed in with.

fn (string) replace_char #

fn (s string) replace_char(rep u8, with u8, repeat int) string

replace_char replaces all occurrences of the character rep multiple occurrences of the character passed in with with respect to repeat.

Example

assert '\tHello!'.replace_char(`\t`,` `,8) == '        Hello!'

fn (string) replace_each #

fn (s string) replace_each(vals []string) string

replace_each replaces all occurrences of the string pairs given in vals.

Example

assert 'ABCD'.replace_each(['B','C/','C','D','D','C']) == 'AC/DC'

fn (string) replace_once #

fn (s string) replace_once(rep string, with string) string

replace_once replaces the first occurrence of rep with the string passed in with.

fn (string) reverse #

fn (s string) reverse() string

reverse returns a reversed string.

Example

assert 'Hello V'.reverse() == 'V olleH'

fn (string) rsplit #

fn (s string) rsplit(delim string) []string

If delim is empty the string is split by it's characters.

Examples

assert 'A B C'.rsplit(' ') == ['C','B','A']
assert 'DEF'.rsplit('') == ['F','E','D']

fn (string) rsplit_any #

fn (s string) rsplit_any(delim string) []string

Split a string using the chars in the delimiter string as delimiters chars. If the delimiter string is empty then .rsplit() is used.

Example

'first row\nsecond row'.rsplit_any(' \n') == ['row', 'second', 'row', 'first']

fn (string) rsplit_nth #

fn (s string) rsplit_nth(delim string, nth int) []string

rsplit_nth splits the string based on the passed delim substring in revese order. It returns the first Nth parts. When N=0, return all the splits. The last returned element has the remainder of the string, even if the remainder contains more delim substrings.

fn (string) rsplit_once #

fn (s string) rsplit_once(delim string) ?(string, string)

Note: rsplit_once returns the string at the left side of the delimiter as first part of the pair.

Example

path, ext := 'file.ts.dts'.rsplit_once('.')?
assert path == 'file.ts'
assert ext == 'dts'

fn (string) runes #

fn (s string) runes() []rune

runes returns an array of all the utf runes in the string s which is useful if you want random access to them

fn (string) split #

fn (s string) split(delim string) []string

If delim is empty the string is split by it's characters.

Examples

assert 'A B C'.split(' ') == ['A','B','C']
assert 'DEF'.split('') == ['D','E','F']

fn (string) split_any #

fn (s string) split_any(delim string) []string

Split a string using the chars in the delimiter string as delimiters chars. If the delimiter string is empty then .split() is used.

Example

'first row\nsecond row'.split_any(' \n') == ['first', 'row', 'second', 'row']

fn (string) split_into_lines #

fn (s string) split_into_lines() []string

split_into_lines splits the string by newline characters. newlines are stripped. \r (MacOS), \n (POSIX), and \r\n (WinOS) line endings are all supported (including mixed line endings).

Note: algorithm is "greedy", consuming '\r\n' as a single line ending with higher priority than '\r' and '\n' as multiple endings

fn (string) split_nth #

fn (s string) split_nth(delim string, nth int) []string

split_nth splits the string based on the passed delim substring. It returns the first Nth parts. When N=0, return all the splits. The last returned element has the remainder of the string, even if the remainder contains more delim substrings.

fn (string) split_once #

fn (s string) split_once(delim string) ?(string, string)

split_once splits the string into a pair of strings at the given delimiter.

Example

path, ext := 'file.ts.dts'.split_once('.')?
assert path == 'file'
assert ext == 'ts.dts'

fn (string) starts_with #

fn (s string) starts_with(p string) bool

starts_with returns true if the string starts with p.

fn (string) starts_with_capital #

fn (s string) starts_with_capital() bool

starts_with_capital returns true, if the first character in the string s, is a capital letter, even if the rest are not.

Examples

assert 'Hello'.starts_with_capital() == true
assert 'Hello. World.'.starts_with_capital() == true

fn (string) str #

fn (s string) str() string

str returns a copy of the string

fn (string) strip_margin #

fn (s string) strip_margin() string

strip_margin allows multi-line strings to be formatted in a way that removes white-space before a delimiter. By default | is used.

Note: the delimiter has to be a byte at this time. That means surrounding the value in ``.

See also: string.trim_indent()

Example

st := 'Hello there,
       |  this is a string,
       |  Everything before the first | is removed'.strip_margin()

assert st == 'Hello there,
  this is a string,
  Everything before the first | is removed'

fn (string) strip_margin_custom #

fn (s string) strip_margin_custom(del u8) string

strip_margin_custom does the same as strip_margin but will use del as delimiter instead of |

fn (string) substr #

fn (s string) substr(start int, _end int) string

substr returns the string between index positions start and end.

Example

assert 'ABCD'.substr(1,3) == 'BC'

fn (string) substr_ni #

fn (s string) substr_ni(_start int, _end int) string

substr_ni returns the string between index positions start and end allowing negative indexes This function always return a valid string.

fn (string) substr_unsafe #

fn (s string) substr_unsafe(start int, _end int) string

substr_unsafe works like substr(), but doesn't copy (allocate) the substring

fn (string) substr_with_check #

fn (s string) substr_with_check(start int, _end int) !string

version of substr() that is used in a[start..end] or { return an error when the index is out of range

fn (string) title #

fn (s string) title() string

title returns the string with each word capitalized.

Example

assert 'hello v developer'.title() == 'Hello V Developer'

fn (string) to_lower #

fn (s string) to_lower() string

to_lower returns the string in all lowercase characters. TODO only works with ASCII

fn (string) to_upper #

fn (s string) to_upper() string

to_upper returns the string in all uppercase characters.

Example

assert 'Hello V'.to_upper() == 'HELLO V'

fn (string) to_wide #

fn (_str string) to_wide() &u16

to_wide returns a pointer to an UTF-16 version of the string receiver. In V, strings are encoded using UTF-8 internally, but on windows most APIs, that accept strings, need them to be in UTF-16 encoding. The returned pointer of .to_wide(), has a type of &u16, and is suitable for passing to Windows APIs that expect LPWSTR or wchar_t* parameters. See also MultiByteToWideChar ( https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/stringapiset/nf-stringapiset-multibytetowidechar ) See also builtin.wchar.from_string/1, for a version, that produces a platform dependant L"" C style wchar_t* wide string.

fn (string) trim #

fn (s string) trim(cutset string) string

trim strips any of the characters given in cutset from the start and end of the string.

Example

assert ' ffHello V ffff'.trim(' f') == 'Hello V'

fn (string) trim_indent #

fn (s string) trim_indent() string

trim_indent detects a common minimal indent of all the input lines, removes it from every line and also removes the first and the last lines if they are blank (notice difference blank vs empty).

Note that blank lines do not affect the detected indent level.

In case if there are non-blank lines with no leading whitespace characters (no indent at all) then the common indent is 0, and therefore this function doesn't change the indentation.

Example

st := '
     Hello there,
     this is a string,
     all the leading indents are removed
     and also the first and the last lines if they are blank
'.trim_indent()

assert st == 'Hello there,
this is a string,
all the leading indents are removed
and also the first and the last lines if they are blank'

fn (string) trim_indexes #

fn (s string) trim_indexes(cutset string) (int, int)

trim_indexes gets the new start and end indices of a string when any of the characters given in cutset were stripped from the start and end of the string. Should be used as an input to substr(). If the string contains only the characters in cutset, both values returned are zero.

Example

left, right := '-hi-'.trim_indexes('-')

fn (string) trim_left #

fn (s string) trim_left(cutset string) string

trim_left strips any of the characters given in cutset from the left of the string.

Example

assert 'd Hello V developer'.trim_left(' d') == 'Hello V developer'

fn (string) trim_right #

fn (s string) trim_right(cutset string) string

trim_right strips any of the characters given in cutset from the right of the string.

Example

assert ' Hello V d'.trim_right(' d') == ' Hello V'

fn (string) trim_space #

fn (s string) trim_space() string

trim_space strips any of , \n, \t, \v, \f, \r from the start and end of the string.

Example

assert ' Hello V '.trim_space() == 'Hello V'

fn (string) trim_string_left #

fn (s string) trim_string_left(str string) string

trim_string_left strips str from the start of the string.

Example

assert 'WorldHello V'.trim_string_left('World') == 'Hello V'

fn (string) trim_string_right #

fn (s string) trim_string_right(str string) string

trim_string_right strips str from the end of the string.

Example

assert 'Hello VWorld'.trim_string_right('World') == 'Hello V'

fn (string) u16 #

fn (s string) u16() u16

u16 returns the value of the string as u16 '1'.u16() == u16(1).

fn (string) u32 #

fn (s string) u32() u32

u32 returns the value of the string as u32 '1'.u32() == u32(1).

fn (string) u64 #

fn (s string) u64() u64

u64 returns the value of the string as u64 '1'.u64() == u64(1).

fn (string) u8 #

fn (s string) u8() u8

u8 returns the value of the string as u8 '1'.u8() == u8(1).

fn (string) u8_array #

fn (s string) u8_array() []u8

u8_array returns the value of the hex/bin string as u8 array. hex string example: '0x11223344ee'.u8_array() == [u8(0x11),0x22,0x33,0x44,0xee]. bin string example: '0b1101_1101'.u8_array() == [u8(0xdd)]. underscore in the string will be stripped.

fn (string) uncapitalize #

fn (s string) uncapitalize() string

uncapitalize returns the string with the first character uncapitalized.

Example

assert 'Hello, Bob!'.uncapitalize() == 'hello, Bob!'

fn (string) utf32_code #

fn (_rune string) utf32_code() int

Convert utf8 to utf32 the original implementation did not check for valid utf8 in the string, and could result in values greater than the utf32 spec it has been replaced by utf8_to_utf32 which has an option return type.

this function is left for backward compatibility it is used in vlib/builtin/string.v, and also in vlib/v/gen/c/cgen.v

struct StrIntpCgenData #

struct StrIntpCgenData {
pub:
	str string
	fmt string
	d   string
}

storing struct used by cgen

struct StrIntpData #

struct StrIntpData {
pub:
	str string
	// fmt     u64  // expanded version for future use, 64 bit
	fmt u32
	d   StrIntpMem
}

Note: LOW LEVEL structstoring struct passed to V in the C code

struct StrIntpMem #

union StrIntpMem {
pub mut:
	d_c   u32
	d_u8  u8
	d_i8  i8
	d_u16 u16
	d_i16 i16
	d_u32 u32
	d_i32 int
	d_u64 u64
	d_i64 i64
	d_f32 f32
	d_f64 f64
	d_s   string
	d_r   string
	d_p   voidptr
	d_vp  voidptr
}

Union data used by StrIntpData

struct StructAttribute #

struct StructAttribute {
pub:
	name    string
	has_arg bool
	arg     string
	kind    AttributeKind
}

struct VariantData #

struct VariantData {
pub:
	typ int
}

struct VAssertMetaInfo #

struct VAssertMetaInfo {
pub:
	fpath   string // the source file path of the assertion
	line_nr int    // the line number of the assertion
	fn_name string // the function name in which the assertion is
	src     string // the actual source line of the assertion
	op      string // the operation of the assertion, i.e. '==', '<', 'call', etc ...
	llabel  string // the left side of the infix expressions as source
	rlabel  string // the right side of the infix expressions as source
	lvalue  string // the stringified *actual value* of the left side of a failed assertion
	rvalue  string // the stringified *actual value* of the right side of a failed assertion
	message string // the value of the `message` from `assert cond, message`
	has_msg bool   // false for assertions like `assert cond`, true for `assert cond, 'oh no'`
}

VAssertMetaInfo is used during assertions. An instance of it is filled in by compile time generated code, when an assertion fails.

fn (VAssertMetaInfo) free #

unsafe
fn (ami &VAssertMetaInfo) free()

free frees the memory occupied by the assertion meta data. It is called automatically by the code, that V's test framework generates, after all other callbacks have been called.